Wars of Alexander the Great Siege of Tyre

Siege of Tyre - Conflict Dates: The Siege of Tyre took place from January to July 332 BC during the Wars of Alexander the Great (335-323 BC). Commanders Macedonians Alexander the Great   Tyre Azemilcus Siege of Tyre - Background: Having defeated the Persians at Granicus (334 BC) and Issus (333 BC), Alexander the Great swept south along the Mediterranean coast with the ultimate goal of moving against Egypt. Pressing on, his intermediate goal was to take the key port of Tyre. A Phoenician city, Tyre was situated on an island approximately half a mile from the mainland and was heavily fortified. Approaching Tyre, Alexander attempted to gain access by requesting permission to make a sacrifice at the citys Temple of Melkart (Hercules). This was refused and the Tyrians declared themselves neutral in Alexanders conflict with the Persians. The Siege Begins: Following this refusal, Alexander dispatched heralds to the city ordering it to surrender or be conquered. In response to this ultimatum, the Tyrians killed Alexanders heralds and threw them from the city walls. Angered and eager to reduce Tyre, Alexander was faced with the challenge of attacking an island city. In this, he was further hampered by the fact that he possessed a small navy. As this precluded a naval assault, Alexander consulted his engineers for other options. It was quickly found that the water between the mainland and the city was relatively shallow until shortly before the city walls. A Road Across the Water: Using this information, Alexander ordered the construction of a mole (causeway) that would stretch across the water to Tyre. Tearing down the remains of the old mainland city of Tyre, Alexanders men began building a mole that was approximately 200 ft. wide. The early phases of construction went smoothly as the citys defenders were unable to strike at the Macedonians. As it began to extend farther into the water, the builders came under frequent attack from Tyrian ships and the citys defenders who fired from atop its walls. To defend against these assaults, Alexander constructed two 150 ft.-tall towers topped with catapults and mounting ballistas to drive off enemy ships. These were positioned at the end of the mole with a large screen stretched between them to protect the workers. Though the towers provided the needed defenses for construction to continue, the Tyrians quickly devised a plan to topple them. Constructing a special fire ship, which was weighted down aft to raise the bow, the Tyrians attacked the end of the mole. Igniting the fire ship, it rode up onto the mole settling the towers ablaze. The Siege Ends: Despite this setback, Alexander endeavored to complete the mole though he became increasingly convinced that he would need a formidable navy to capture the city. In this, he benefited from the arrival of 120 ships from Cyprus as well as another 80 or so that defected from the Persians. As his naval strength swelled, Alexander was able to blockade Tyres two harbors. Refitting several ships with catapults and battering rams, he ordered them anchored near the city. To counter this, Tyrian divers sortied out and cut the anchor cables. Adjusting, Alexander ordered the cables replaced with chains (Map). With the mole nearly reaching the Tyre, Alexander ordered catapults forward which began bombarding the city walls. Finally breaching the wall in the southern part of the city, Alexander prepared a massive assault. While his navy attacked all around Tyre, siege towers were floated against the walls while troops attacked through the breach. Despite fierce resistance from the Tyrians, Alexanders men were able to overwhelm defenders and swarmed through the city. Under orders to slay the inhabitants, only those who took refuge in the citys shrines and temples were spared. Aftermath of the Siege of Tyre: As with most battles from this period, casualties are not known with any certainty. It is estimated that Alexander lost around 400 men during the siege while 6,000-8,000 Tyrians were killed and another 30,000 sold into slavery. As a symbol of his victory, Alexander ordered the mole to be completed and had one of his largest catapults placed in front of the Temple of Hercules. With the city taken, Alexander moved south and was forced to lay siege to Gaza. Again winning a victory, he marched in Egypt where he was welcomed and proclaimed pharaoh. Selected Sources Siege of TyreSiege of Tyre, 332 BC

Essay on Medea and Nietzsches Will to Power - 4275 Words

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American Workers Are More Beneficial And Cost Efficient...

Many American workers are at risk of losing their jobs to man-made machinery. One author, Adam Davidson,wrote â€Å"Making It in America,† and he argues that American workers are more beneficial and cost efficient than machinery. He uses his interview with Standard Motor Products employee, Maddie Parlier, to build his argument. Maddie is a low educated worker who was forced to take the job at SMP when she became pregnant her senior year of high school. Though she was quick and effective working the laser-welding machine, the unskilled job increased her chance of being replaced by a machine. Many manufacturing companies have found machines more efficient, but don’t realize the effect on American workers. Davidson builds his credibility with logical facts and statistics, and displaying emotional appeals to influence the audience; however, by the end of his article, his ability to influence his readers with his supporting facts strengthens his argument. 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Henry Ford The Life and Achievements (712 words) Essay Example For Students

Henry Ford: The Life and Achievements (712 words) Essay The Life and Achievements of: Henry Ford Henry Ford was born near Dearborn, Michigan, on July 30, 1863. His mother died while he was 12 years old. As an early teenager he helped on the family farm in summer and in winter he attended a one-room school. Watches and clocks fascinated Ford. He went around the countryside doing repair work without pay, doing it just to have the chance to fiddle around with machinery. At the age of 16 Ford walked to Detroit and became a mechanics apprentice. He worked hard, and made $2.50 cents a week. His board was $3.50, so he worked four hours every night for a watchmaker for two dollars a week. In 1884 he took charge of a farm his father gave to him. From 1888 to 1889 he was a mechanical engineer, and later chief engineer, with the Edison Illuminating Company. Automobiles were his thing, and good things were awaiting Ford. In 1896, after experimenting for years in his leisure hours, he completed the construction of his first automobile, the Quadri cycle. He built it in a little shed behind his home. It had a two-cylinder engine over the rear axle that developed four horsepowers, a single seat fitted in a boxlike body, an electric bell for a horn, and steering lever instead of a wheel. In 1899 Ford helped organize the Detroit Automobile Company, which built cars to order. Henrys goal was to build in quantity at a price within the reach of many. His partners objected, and Ford quit. He kept studying cars then he hit it big time. In 1903 Henry Ford organized the Ford Motor Company with only $28,00 raised in cash. This money came from 11 other stockbrokers. Fords company was a huge success. In 1908 the Ford company initiated production of the Model T. The Model T was a Hit. One of the Eleven stockbrokers decided in 1919 that he wanted out of the company. He put in $2,500 into the company to start it up, and when he got out he received more than $35,000,000 dollars. Over 15 million cars were sold until it was discontinued in 1927. It was known as the universal car. New and better things were upcoming for Ford. He put out a new more favored up to date model to meet growing competition called the Model A. Early automobile manufacturers merely bought automobile parts and assembled the cars. He acquired iron and coal mines, forests, mills, and factories, to produce and shape his steel alloys, his fuel, wood, glass, and leather. He built railroad and steamship lines and an airplane freight service in order to transport his products. In 1913 Ford began using standardized interchangeable parts and assembly line techniques in his plant. Mass production was Fords main idea, and he replaced men with machines wherever possible. Each task, which he did repeatedly until it became automatic. Conveyors brought the job to the man instead of having the man waste time going to the job. To cut shipping costs, parts were shipped from the main plants in the Detroit area and assembled into cars at branch plants. He is known for creating the idea of the assembly line. Less work and quicker production of each car. Within in the upcoming years, Fords dominance over the other automobile manufacturers declined. He was slow to adopt the practice of introducing a new model of an automobile each year, which became standard in the industry. During the 1930s Ford adopted the idea of the yearly changeover, but his company was unable to regain the position of which it had. .u8309dcb84337788f7d7d49d8595984ed , .u8309dcb84337788f7d7d49d8595984ed .postImageUrl , .u8309dcb84337788f7d7d49d8595984ed .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8309dcb84337788f7d7d49d8595984ed , .u8309dcb84337788f7d7d49d8595984ed:hover , .u8309dcb84337788f7d7d49d8595984ed:visited , .u8309dcb84337788f7d7d49d8595984ed:active { border:0!important; } .u8309dcb84337788f7d7d49d8595984ed .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8309dcb84337788f7d7d49d8595984ed { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8309dcb84337788f7d7d49d8595984ed:active , .u8309dcb84337788f7d7d49d8595984ed:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8309dcb84337788f7d7d49d8595984ed .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8309dcb84337788f7d7d49d8595984ed .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8309dcb84337788f7d7d49d8595984ed .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8309dcb84337788f7d7d49d8595984ed .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8309dcb84337788f7d7d49d8595984ed:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8309dcb84337788f7d7d49d8595984ed .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8309dcb84337788f7d7d49d8595984ed .u8309dcb84337788f7d7d49d8595984ed-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8309dcb84337788f7d7d49d8595984ed:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Davin EssayIn 1937 to 1941 the Ford company encountered problems because it was the only major manufacturer of automobiles in the Detroit area that had not recognized any labor unions as the collective bargaining agreement necessary for employees. At hearings before the National Labor Relations Board Ford was found guilty of repeated violations of the National Labor Relations Act. Ford was forced to negotiate a standard labor contract after a successful strike by the workers at his main plant at River Rogue, Michigan, In April 1941. This forcing Ford to make changes that he didnt want to make. Technology